Newsletter 1:
RCC: Current Status and New Therapeutic Directions
REFERENCES

  1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2007. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2007.
  2. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57:43-66.
  3. Rathmell WK, Martz CA, Rini BI. Renal cell carcinoma. Curr Opin Oncol. 2007;19:234-240.
  4. Garcia JA, Rini BI. Recent progress in the management of advanced renal cell carcinoma. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57:112-125.
  5. Ries LAG, Harkins D, Krapcho M, et al, eds. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2004. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 2007. Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2004. Accessed June 14, 2007.
  6. Chow WH, Devesa SS, Warren JL, Fraumeni JF Jr. Rising incidence of renal cell cancer in the United States. JAMA. 1999;281:1628-1631.
  7. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Kidney Cancer. V.2.2007. Available at: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/kidney.pdf. Accessed May 24, 2007.
  8. Jones J, Libermann TA. Genomics of renal cell cancer: the biology behind and the therapy ahead. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(2 suppl):685s-692s.
  9. Atkins MB, Ernstoff MS, Figlin RA, et al. Innovations and challenges in renal cell carcinoma: summary statement from the Second Cambridge Conference. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(2 suppl):667s-670s.
  10. Jiang Z. Prognostic biomarkers in renal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2007;7:293-307.
  11. Leppert JT, Pantuck AJ, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS. The role of molecular markers in the staging of renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int. 2007;99:1208-1211.
  12. Knight DA, Stadler WM. Prognostic factors in localized renal cell cancer. BJU Int. 2007;99(5 pt B):1212-1216.
  13. US National Institutes of Health. National Cancer Institute. Renal Cell Cancer (PDQ): Treatment. Health Professional Version. Available at: www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/renalcell/healthprofessional/allpages/print. Accessed May 23, 2007.
  14. Podar K, Anderson KC. The pathophysiologic role of VEGF in hematologic malignancies: therapeutic implications. Blood. 2005;105:1383-1395.
  15. Kaelin WG. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein: roles in cancer and oxygen sensing. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2005;70:159-166.
  16. Chang F, Steelman LS, Shelton JG, et al. Regulation of cell cycle progression and apoptosis by the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Int J Oncol. 2003;22:469-480.
  17. Robb VA, Karbowniczek M, Klein-Szanto AJ, Henske EP. Activation of the mTOR signaling pathway in renal clear cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2007;177:346-352.
  18. Heilbrun ME, Zagoria RJ, Garvin AJ, et al. CT-guided biopsy for the diagnosis of renal tumors before treatment with percutaneous ablation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188:1500-1505.
  19. Bhatt RS, Seth P, Sukhatme VP. Biomarkers for monitoring antiangiogenic therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(2 suppl):777s-780s.
  20. Bukowski RM. Natural history and therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: the role of interleukin-2. Cancer. 1997;80:1198-1220.
  21. Motzer RJ, Bacik J, Murphy BA, Russo P, Mazumdar M. Interferon-alfa as a comparative treatment for clinical trials of new therapies against advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:289-296.
  22. Motzer RJ, Rini BI, Bukowski RM, et al. Sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. JAMA. 2006;295:2516-2524.
  23. Motzer RJ, Hutson RE, Tomczak P, et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:115-124.
  24. Escudier B, Szczylik C, Eisen T, et al. Randomized phase III trial of the Raf kinase and VEGFR inhibitor sorafenib (BAY 43-9006) in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(16s):4510.
  25. Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler WM, et al, for the TARGET Study Group. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:125-134.
  26. Hudes G, Carducci M, Tomczak P, et al, for the Global ARCC Trial. Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2271-2281.
  27. Heng DY, Rini BI, Garcia J, Wood L, Bukowski RM. Durable complete responses and near complete responses to sunitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18s):15514.
  28. Gore ME, Porta C, Oudard S, et al. Sunitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): preliminary assessment of toxicity in an expanded access trial with subpopulation analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18s):5010.
  29. Knox JJ, Figlin RA, Stadler WM, et al. The Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Sorafenib (ARCCS) expanded access trial in North America: safety and efficacy. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18s):5011.
  30. Ryan CW, Bukowski RM, Figlin RA, et al. The Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Sorafenib (ARCCS) expanded access trial: long-term outcomes in first-line patients (pts). J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18s):5096.
  31. Stadler WM, Figlin RA, Ernstoff MS, et al. The Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Sorafenib (ARCCS) expanded access trial: safety and efficacy in patients (pts) with non-clear cell (NCC) renal cell carcinoma (RCC). J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18s):5036.
  32. Escudier B, Koralewski P, Pluzanska A, et al. A randomized, controlled, double-blind phase III study (AVOREN) of bevacizumab/interferon-x2a vs placebo/interferon-x2a as first-line therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18s):3.
  33. Ljungberg B, Hanury DC, Kuczyk MA, et al. Renal cell carcinoma guideline. Eur Urol. 2007;51:1502-1510.
  34. Sablin MP, Bouaita L, Balleyguier C, et al. Sequential use of sorafenib and sunitinib in renal cancer: retrospective analysis in 90 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18s):5038.
  35. Dham A, Dudel AZ. Sequential therapy with sorafenib and sunitinib in renal cell cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18s):5106.



Newsletter 2:
Clinical Advances in RCC: Putting Them Into Practice
REFERENCES

  1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2007. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2007.
  2. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57:43-66.
  3. Rathmell WK, Martz CA, Rini BI. Renal cell carcinoma. Curr Opin Oncol. 2007;19:234-240.
  4. Garcia JA, Rini BI. Recent progress in the management of advanced renal cell carcinoma. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57:112-125.
  5. Ries LAG, Harkins D, Krapcho M, et al, eds. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2004. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 2007. Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2004. Accessed June 14, 2007.
  6. Chow WH, Devesa SS, Warren JL, Fraumeni JF Jr. Rising incidence of renal cell cancer in the United States. JAMA. 1999;281:1628-1631.
  7. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Kidney Cancer. V.2.2007. Available at: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/kidney.pdf. Accessed May 24, 2007.
  8. Jones J, Libermann TA. Genomics of renal cell cancer: the biology behind and the therapy ahead. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(2 suppl):685s-692s.
  9. Atkins MB, Ernstoff MS, Figlin RA, et al. Innovations and challenges in renal cell carcinoma: summary statement from the Second Cambridge Conference. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(2 suppl):667s-670s.
  10. Jiang Z. Prognostic biomarkers in renal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2007;7:293-307.
  11. Leppert JT, Pantuck AJ, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS. The role of molecular markers in the staging of renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int. 2007;99:1208-1211.
  12. Knight DA, Stadler WM. Prognostic factors in localized renal cell cancer. BJU Int. 2007;99(5 pt B):1212-1216.
  13. US National Institutes of Health. National Cancer Institute. Renal Cell Cancer (PDQ): Treatment. Health Professional Version. Available at: www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/renalcell/healthprofessional/allpages/print. Accessed May 23, 2007.
  14. Podar K, Anderson KC. The pathophysiologic role of VEGF in hematologic malignancies: therapeutic implications. Blood. 2005;105:1383-1395.
  15. Kaelin WG. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein: roles in cancer and oxygen sensing. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2005;70:159-166.
  16. Chang F, Steelman LS, Shelton JG, et al. Regulation of cell cycle progression and apoptosis by the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Int J Oncol. 2003;22:469-480.
  17. Robb VA, Karbowniczek M, Klein-Szanto AJ, Henske EP. Activation of the mTOR signaling pathway in renal clear cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2007;177:346-352.
  18. Heilbrun ME, Zagoria RJ, Garvin AJ, et al. CT-guided biopsy for the diagnosis of renal tumors before treatment with percutaneous ablation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188:1500-1505.
  19. Bhatt RS, Seth P, Sukhatme VP. Biomarkers for monitoring antiangiogenic therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(2 suppl):777s-780s.
  20. Bukowski RM. Natural history and therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: the role of interleukin-2. Cancer. 1997;80:1198-1220.
  21. Motzer RJ, Bacik J, Murphy BA, Russo P, Mazumdar M. Interferon-alfa as a comparative treatment for clinical trials of new therapies against advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:289-296.
  22. Motzer RJ, Rini BI, Bukowski RM, et al. Sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. JAMA. 2006;295:2516-2524.
  23. Motzer RJ, Hutson RE, Tomczak P, et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:115-124.
  24. Escudier B, Szczylik C, Eisen T, et al. Randomized phase III trial of the Raf kinase and VEGFR inhibitor sorafenib (BAY 43-9006) in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(16s):4510.
  25. Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler WM, et al, for the TARGET Study Group. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:125-134.
  26. Hudes G, Carducci M, Tomczak P, et al, for the Global ARCC Trial. Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2271-2281.
  27. Heng DY, Rini BI, Garcia J, Wood L, Bukowski RM. Durable complete responses and near complete responses to sunitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18s):15514.
  28. Gore ME, Porta C, Oudard S, et al. Sunitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): preliminary assessment of toxicity in an expanded access trial with subpopulation analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18s):5010.
  29. Knox JJ, Figlin RA, Stadler WM, et al. The Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Sorafenib (ARCCS) expanded access trial in North America: safety and efficacy. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18s):5011.
  30. Ryan CW, Bukowski RM, Figlin RA, et al. The Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Sorafenib (ARCCS) expanded access trial: long-term outcomes in first-line patients (pts). J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18s):5096.
  31. Stadler WM, Figlin RA, Ernstoff MS, et al. The Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Sorafenib (ARCCS) expanded access trial: safety and efficacy in patients (pts) with non-clear cell (NCC) renal cell carcinoma (RCC). J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18s):5036.
  32. Escudier B, Koralewski P, Pluzanska A, et al. A randomized, controlled, double-blind phase III study (AVOREN) of bevacizumab/interferon-x2a vs placebo/interferon-x2a as first-line therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18s):3.
  33. Ljungberg B, Hanury DC, Kuczyk MA, et al. Renal cell carcinoma guideline. Eur Urol. 2007;51:1502-1510.
  34. Sablin MP, Bouaita L, Balleyguier C, et al. Sequential use of sorafenib and sunitinib in renal cancer: retrospective analysis in 90 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18s):5038.
  35. Dham A, Dudel AZ. Sequential therapy with sorafenib and sunitinib in renal cell cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18s):5106.

nl3ref

Newsletter 3:
Critical Molecular Pathways in the Development and Progression of RCC
REFERENCES

  1. US National Institutes of Health. National Cancer Institute. Renal cell cancer treatment (PDQ®): Health professional version. National Cancer Institute Web site. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/renalcell/healthprofessional/
    allpages/print. Accessed November 15, 2007.
  2. Nelson EC, Evans CP, Lara PN Jr. Renal cell carcinoma: current status and emerging therapies. Cancer Treat Rev. 2007;33(3):299-313.
  3. Jones J, Libermann TA. Genomics of renal cell cancer: the biology behind and the therapy ahead. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(2, pt 2):685s-692s.
  4. Panwalkar A, Verstovsek S, Giles FJ. Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition as therapy for hematologic malignancies. Cancer. 2004;100(4):657-666.
  5. Potti A, George DJ. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(18, pt 2):6371S-6376S.
  6. Sridhar SS, Hedley D, Siu LL. Raf kinase as a target for anticancer therapeutics. Mol Cancer Ther. 2005;4(4):677-685.
  7. Linehan WM, Vasselli J, Srinivasan R, et al. Genetic basis of cancer of the kidney: disease-specific approaches to therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(18, pt 2):6282S-6289S.
  8. Thomas GV, Tran C, Mellinghoff IK, et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor determines sensitivity to inhibitors of mTOR in kidney cancer. Nat Med. 2006;12(1):122-127.
  9. Bhaskar PT, Hay N. The two TORCs and AKT. Dev Cell. 2007:12(4);487-502.
  10. Maione P, Gridelli C, Troiani T, Ciardiello F. Combining targeted therapies and drugs with multiple targets in the treatment of NSCLC. Oncologist. 2006;11(3):274-284.
  11. Bukowski RM. Immunotherapy in renal cell carcinoma. Oncology (Williston Park). 1999;13(6):801-810.
  12. Garcia JA, Rini BI. Recent progress in the management of advanced renal cell carcinoma. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57(2):112-125.
  13. Schöffski P, Dumez H, Clement P, et al. Emerging role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of advanced renal cell cancer: a review. Ann Oncol. 2006;17(8):1185-1196.
  14. Wilhelm SM, Carter C, Tang L, et al. BAY 43-9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 2004(19);64:7099-7109.
  15. Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler WM, et al; TARGET Study Group. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(2):125-134.
  16. Deeks ED, Keating GM. Sunitinib. Drugs. 2006;66(17):2255-2266.
  17. Motzer RJ, Hutson RE, Tomczak P, et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(2):115-124.
  18. Motzer RJ, Figlin RA, Hutson TE, et al. Sunitinib versus interferon-alfa (IFN-α) as first-line treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): updated results and analysis of prognostic factors. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S): Abstract 5024.
  19. Robb VA, Karbowniczek M, Klein-Szanto AJ, Henske EP. Activation of the mTOR signaling pathway in renal clear cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2007;177(1):346-52.
  20. Pantuck AJ, Seligson DB, Klatte T, et al. Prognostic relevance of the mTOR pathway in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2007;109(11):2257-2267.
  21. Abraham RT, Gibbons, JJ. The mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway: twists and turns in the road to cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(11):3109-3114.
  22. Huang SL, Liu LN, Hosoi H, Dilling MB, Shikata T, Houghton PJ. p53/p21(CIP1) cooperate in enforcing rapamycin-induced G(1) arrest and determine the cellular response to rapamycin. Cancer Res. 2001;61(8);3373-3381.
  23. Hudes G, Carducci M, Tomczak P, et al, for the Global ARCC Trial. Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(22):2271-2281.
  24. Merchan JR, Liu G, Fitch T, et al. Phase I/II trial of CCI-779 and bevacizumab in stage IV renal cell carcinoma: phase I safety and activity results. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S): Abstract 5034.
  25. Avastin [prescribing information]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech Inc; 2004.
  26. Kim KJ, Li B, Winer J, et al. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumour growth in vivo. Nature. 1993;362(6423):841-844.
  27. Yang JC, Haworth L, Sherry RM, et al. A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(5):427-434.
  28. Escudier B, Koralewski P, Pluzanska A, et al. A randomized, controlled, double-blind phase III study (AVOREN) of bevacizumab/interferon-α2a vs placebo/interferon-α2a as first-line therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S): Abstract 3.
  29. Kanar MC, Thiele DL, Ostensen M, Lipsky PE. Regulation of human natural killer (NK) cell function: induction of killing of an NK-resistant renal carcinoma cell line. J Clin Immunol. 1988;8(1):69-79.
  30. Moltó L, Carballido J, Manzano L, et al. Immunological changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma after low doses of subcutaneous immunotherapy with IFN-alpha-2b and IL-2. J Immunother. 1999;22(3):260-267.
  31. Coppin C, Porzsolt F, Awa A, Kumpf J, Coldman A, Wilt T. Immunotherapy for advanced renal cell cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005(1):CD001425.
  32. Jonasch E, Corn P, Ashe RG, Do K, Tannir NM. Randomized phase II study of sorafenib with or without low-dose IFN in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S): Abstract 5104.
  33. Adjei AA. Novel combinations based on epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(14, pt 2):4446s-4450s.
  34. Sosman JA, Flaherty K, Atkins MB, et al. A phase I/II trial of sorafenib (S) with bevacizumab (B) in metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC) patients (Pts). J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(18S): Abstract 3031.
  35. Feldman RD, Kondagunta GV, Ronnen EA, et al. Phase I trial of bevacizumab plus sunitinib in patients (pts) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S): Abstract 5099.
  36. Drabkin HA, Figlin RA, Stadler WM, et al, on behalf of the ARCCS investigators. The Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Sorafenib (ARCCS) expanded access trial: safety and efficacy in patients (pts) with prior bevacizumab (BEV) treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S): Abstract 5041.
  37. George DJ, Michaelson MD, Rosenberg JE, et al. Phase II trial of sunitinib in bevacizumab-refractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): updated results and analysis of circulating biomarkers. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S): Abstract 5035.



Newsletter 4:
Clinical Case Critiques: Practical Strategies for the Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma
References

  1. Jones J, Libermann TA. Genomics of renal cell cancer: the biology behind and the therapy ahead. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(2, pt 2):685s-692s.

     

  2. McDermott DF, Regan MM, Clark JI, et al. Randomized phase III trial of high-dose interleukin-2 versus subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma [published correction appears in J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(12):2877]. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(1):133-141.

     

  3. Motzer RJ, Mazumdar M, Bacik J, Berg W, Amsterdam A, Ferrara J. Survival and prognostic stratification of 670 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(8):2530-2540.

     

  4. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Kidney Cancer. V.2.2007. Available at: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/kidney.pdf. Accessed January 17, 2008.

     

  5. Fisher RI, Rosenberg SA, Fyfe G. Long-term survival update for high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Cancer J Sci Am. 2000;6(suppl 1):S55-S57.

     

  6. Dutcher JP, Atkins M, Fisher R, et al. Interleukin-2-based therapy for metastatic renal cell cancer: the Cytokine Working Group experience, 1989-1997. Cancer J Sci Am. 1997;3(suppl 1):S73-S78.

     

  7. Yang JC, Sherry RM, Steinberg SM, et al. Randomized study of high-dose and low-dose interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic renal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(16):3127-3132.

     

  8. Sandlund J, Oosterwijk E, Grankvist K, Oosterwijk-Wakka J, Ljungberg B, Rasmuson T. Prognostic impact of carbonic anhydrase IX expression in human renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int. 2007;100(3):556-560.

     

  9. Atkins M, Regan M, McDermott D, et al. Carbonic anhydrase IX expression predicts outcome of interleukin 2 therapy for renal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(10):3714-3721.

     

  10. Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(2):115-124.

     

  11. Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler WM, et al; TARGET Study Group. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2007;357(2):203]. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(2):125-134.

     

  12. Hudes G, Carducci M, Tomczak P, et al; Global ARCC Trial. Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(22):2271-2281.

     

  13. Szczylik C, Demkow T, Staehler M, et al. Randomized phase II trial of first-line treatment with sorafenib versus interferon in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: final results. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S): Abstract 5025.

     

  14. Kim KJ, Li B, Winer J, et al. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumour growth in vivo. Nature. 1993;362(6423):841-844.

     

  15. Yang JC, Haworth L, Sherry RM, et al. A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(5):427-434.

     

  16. Escudier B, Koralewski A, Pluzanska A, et al; AVOREN Investigators. A randomized, controlled, double-blind phase III study (AVOREN) of bevacizumab/interferon-alfa2a vs placebo/interferon-alfa2a as first-line therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S): Abstract 3.

     

  17. Knox JJ, Figlin RA, Stadler WM, et al; ARCCS Investigators. The Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Sorafenib (ARCCS) expanded access trial in North America: safety and efficacy. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S): Abstract 5011.

     

  18. Flaherty KT, McDermott DF. The BeST trial: a randomized phase II study of VEGF, RAF kinase, and mTOR combination targeted therapy (CTT) with bevacizumab, sorafenib and temsirolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma [BeST]. NCT00378703. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Accessed March 11, 2008.

     

  19. Rini BI, Hutson TE, Elson P, et al. A prospective trial of sorafenib in patients (pts) with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC) refractory to prior sunitinib or bevacizumab. Presented at: 2008 ASCO Genitourinary Cancers Symposium. Abstract 346.

     

  20. Wyeth. A randomized trial of temsirolimus and sorafenib as second-line therapy in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma who have failed first-line sunitinib therapy. NCT00474786. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Accessed March 11, 2008.

     

  21. Novartis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase III study to compare the safety and efficacy of everolimus plus best supportive care (BSC) versus BSC plus placebo in patients with metastatic carcinoma of the kidney which has progressed on VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. NCT00410124. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Accessed March 11, 2008.

     

  22. Sablin MP, Bouaita L, Balleyguier C, et al. Sequential use of sorafenib and sunitinib in renal cancer: retrospective analysis in 90 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S): Abstract 5038.

     

  23. Dham A, Dudek AZ. Sequential therapy with sorafenib and sunitinib in renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S): Abstract 5106.

     

  24. Rini BI, Wilding GT, Hudes G. Axitinib (AG-013736; AG) in patients (pts) with metastatic renal cell cancer (RCC) refractory to sorafenib. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S): Abstract 5032.

     

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